Important Dates

Notices

Table of Contents

• Description
• Objectives
• Eligibility
• Guidelines
• Performance Measurement
• Review Process and Evaluation
• How to Apply
• Contact Information
• Partner/Collaborator Description
• Additional Information

Description

The purpose of this funding opportunity is to support the prompt initiation of intervention and evaluation research on rapidly unfolding programs, events, and/or policy initiatives/changes with the potential to impact healthy living and/or chronic disease prevention at the population level. Note that for the purpose of this document, "population-level" encapsulates any defined group of individuals sharing some set of characteristics in common. Communities, workplaces, schools and ethnic groups would all be considered examples of "populations". This funding opportunity strongly encourages close collaboration between program implementers and researchers but it will not support situations where the implementer and the researcher are the same person/ entity. The program must be outside of the control of the researcher to be considered for this opportunity.

Background

There is a need to enhance the evidence base on which population health interventions works for specific populations in specific settings in order to improve the health of Canadians. Currently programs, events, and/or policies are unfolding and evolving constantly across the country; they are often planned and funded by community, non-profit, private, and/or public organizations both within and external to the health sector. However, these "natural experiments" lack the embedded mechanisms needed for rigorous controlled assessment of results and examination of how the multiple social, cultural, economic, and/or environmental factors might influence the outcomes. As a result, they represent a rich but untapped data source that could benefit from researcher expertise and involvement.

Population health intervention research involves the use of scientific methods to produce knowledge about policy and program interventions that operate within or outside of the health sector and have the potential to impact health at the population level ¹. Population-level evaluation research, defined as the use of scientific methods to judge the worth or value of a program, event, or policy as compared to preset goals or standards ², can also address these issues appropriately as long as it produces results that are applicable at the population-level. Both types of research should move beyond description of health problems towards new understanding of how practitioners and policymakers can make effective decisions to actively improve the health of Canadians.

Funds Available (Updated: 2008-09-15)

Partner/Collaborator Participation

CIHR is dedicated to identifying and developing collaborations with other funding organizations and stakeholders to enhance the availability of funding for this strategic initiative, and to create, where appropriate, opportunities for knowledge exchange and translation related to the scope of this particular initiative. Applicants are invited to visit the "Partner/Collaborator Description" section to find a list of partners/collaborators and their respective mandates and/or strategic interests. This list will continue to evolve as new partners/collaborators join in this initiative. The specific research foci and requirements for each partner/collaborator are outlined in the section "Objectives".

Objectives

The specific objectives of this funding opportunity are to:

• support research on rapidly unfolding "natural experiments" that address chronic disease prevention at the population level.
• encourage innovative research in collaboration with community, non-profit, private, and/or public partners, where appropriate.
• develop bidirectional knowledge exchange opportunities between researchers and community, non-profit, private, and/or public partners.

Relevant Research Areas:

• Population health research questions relating to the rapidly unfolding initiation, change, adaptation, or ending of a program, event, or policy with the potential to impact healthy living and/or chronic disease prevention among Canadians at a population-level.
• Healthy Living
• Chronic Disease Prevention

Examples of research that might be conducted are provided below. These examples are not intended to be exhaustive and there is no intent to imply that applications in these research areas would be more successful than those in other research areas.

• Changing/limiting/increasing access to particular foods/beverages;
• Availability of opportunities for physical activity where people work, play, live, and learn (e.g., school, workplace, public spaces, housing, or retail environments);
• Changes to physical education/health class/recess requirements within school curricula;
• New/changes to health-related tax incentives across population groups;
• Media health messaging campaigns or events (e.g., public service announcements, social marketing initiatives, health-related sales marketing campaigns);
• Environmental changes brought about by programs outside the health sector (e.g., housing initiatives, income assistance, changes to public transit options/costs/availability)
• Environmental changes brought about by policy changes outside the health sector (e.g., rural or urban planning guidelines, workplace management policies, policies relating to the environment).

Specific Research Foci and Requirements

Partners specific research interests and relevancy review criteria:

CIHR- Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes (INMD) will support research on healthy living and chronic disease prevention which relates to its strategic priority: obesity and maintenance of healthy body weight (e.g., healthy eating, physical activity and sport). It will also support research on healthy living and chronic disease prevention as it relates to the other areas of the INMD mandate including hormone, digestive system, kidney, and liver function.

CIHR- Institute of Population and Public Health (IPPH) is particularly interested in supporting the study of policy or program intervention changes that have a potential impact on the social, cultural and/or environmental determinants of health, including but not limited to, for example:

• Healthy public policy changes to reduce health disparities among children and their families;
• Policy or program changes that affect the quality and availability of housing.

CIHR- Institute of Aboriginal Peoples' Health (IAPH) will support intervention research with Aboriginal population(s) that is relevant to the Institute's mandate and objectives.

CIHR - Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health (IHDCYH) will support research on healthy eating habits and physical activity that rigorously evaluates childhood and maternal obesity prevention or treatment interventions implemented at the family, school, or community level. (Updated: 2008-06-11)

The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (HSFC) believes that increased obesity rates in Canada over the past two decades are threatening population health. In response to this concern, the Foundation wishes to support research projects that will lead to a better understanding, or the prevention and mitigation of the factors that may contribute to obesity or the effects of it.

The Canadian Population Health Initiative (CPHI)
CPHI has an interest in population health research which has a high potential to impact/inform:

• the health of Canadians - examining factors that are amenable to change; and/or
• population health science and strategies

Health Canada's First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB)
Health Canada/FNIHB is particularly interested in proposals that will increase our knowledge on effective interventions in Aboriginal settings to affect change and the adoption of healthy behaviors. These proposals would include a focus on:

• interventions (e.g. physical activities) in various settings to reduce obesity in the Aboriginal population (especially children and youth) to prevent the occurrence of chronic conditions in Aboriginal families and communities across Canada; and,
• interventions for Aboriginal people with pre-diabetes to prevent or delay occurrence of the disease given the very high level of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Aboriginal communities.

The CIHR Institutes of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Diabetes (INMD); Population and Public Health (IPPH); and Aboriginal Peoples' Health (IAPH); and Human Development, Child and Youth Health (IHDCYH); the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (HSFC), the Canadian Population Health Initiative (CPHI) and the Health Canada's First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) will provide funding for applications that are relevant to (in alignment with) the objectives and research priority areas described above.

Eligibility

Eligibility criteria for all CIHR research funding programs apply. The business office of the institution of an eligible Nominated Principal Applicant generally administers CIHR funds. Please refer to the Eligibility Requirements for CIHR Grants and Awards regarding the eligibility requirements for individuals and institutions.

Randomized Controlled Trials: 2007-2008 (RCTs) will not be considered under this funding opportunity.

Specific Eligibility Requirements

Eligibility requirements specific to this funding opportunity include the following:

• The 'natural experiment' must not be under the direct control of the principal applicant,
• The research proposed is relevant to at least one of the funding partners, as defined by their relevance criteria above;
• Due to the time-sensitive nature of this Request for Applications, applicants must be eligible to receive funding (according to eligibility requirements for CIHR Grants and Awards described above) at the time of application.

Guidelines

This funding opportunity will follow the General Guidelines for Grant Programs. Applicants are encouraged to demonstrate the use of Gender and Sex-Based Analysis in applications.

Allowable Costs

Applicants should review the Use of Grant Funds section of the Tri-Agency (CIHR, NSERC and SSHRC) Financial Administration Guide for a complete listing and description of allowable costs and activities.

The full application must provide a detailed justification of all costs.

Funding will not be offered to cover implementation of interventions, only population-level intervention research on programs or policy changes already planned, initiated, and/or funded by others.
In addition, grants must not be used:

• As bridging or emergency funding;
• To support ongoing research studies.

Conditions of Funding

All conditions specified in CIHR General Grants and Awards Policies shall apply to applications funded through this Funding opportunity. Conditions cover areas such as Applicant and Institutional Responsibilities, Ethics, Official languages policy, Access to Information and Privacy Acts, and Acknowledgement of CIHR's Support. Successful applicants will be informed of any special financial requirements prior to the release of funds or when they receive CIHR's Authorization for Funding (AFF) document.

In addition to CIHR standard guidelines and requirements, the following special requirements shall apply:

Within six months after the end of the grant's term, the Nominated Principal Applicant is required to submit a final report.

The Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHSRF) has developed guidelines to help researchers write a reader-friendly report, in a 1:3:25 format. The reports have been very well received as well as helpful to knowledge users. As the scope of projects funded through this RFA may be somewhat limited by the rapid turnaround time required, CIHR will require that applicants use these guidelines to complete reports in a modified 1:3:10 format (1 page of bullet points on the main messages, 3 page executive summary, and 10 pages for the complete report of your work) within six months of the completion of the project. Please refer to the CHSRF reader-friendly report writing guidelines [PDF (27 KB) | Help ].

Access to Information Act and Privacy Act, and the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA)

All personal information collected by CIHR about applicants is used to review applications, to recruit reviewers, to administer and monitor grants and awards, to compile statistics, and to promote and support health research in Canada. Consistent with these purposes, applicants should also expect that information collected by CIHR may be shared as described in Use and Disclosure of Personal Information Provided to CIHR for Peer Review.

CIHR as a federal entity is subject to the Access to Information Act and the Privacy Act, therefore the requirements of these two statutes will apply to all information located in CIHR's premises including, without limitation, cost-sharing agreements related to this Funding opportunity and all matters pertaining thereto.

While respecting the application of the Privacy Act to federal entities, all signing parties involved in a collaborative agreement will also be bound by the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). All personal information (as identified by the PIPEDA) collected, used or disclosed in the course of any commercial activity under collaborative agreements related to the Funding opportunity will be collected, used and disclosed in compliance with the PIPEDA.

Communication Requirements

Grant recipients are required to acknowledge CIHR, its institutes and partners in any communication or publication related to the project. See CIHR General Grants and Awards Policies, Public Communication and Acknowledgement of CIHR's Support for details on CIHR's communication requirements. The contributing institutes / partners will be identified on the Authorization for Funding and decision letter.

Performance Measurement

CIHR is committed to demonstrating results to Canadians for the money invested in health research. Therefore, processes for monitoring progress and appropriate use of funds, as well as for performance measurement and program evaluation are in place. As a result, funding recipients must:

• contribute to the monitoring, review and evaluation of CIHR's programs, policies and processes by participating in evaluation studies, surveys, workshops, audits and providing data or reports as required for the purpose of collecting information to assess progress and results;
• encourage their associates, trainees and administration to participate in the monitoring, review and evaluation of CIHR's programs, policies and processes as required.

Review Process and Evaluation

CIHR's Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes (INMD), Institute of Population and Public Health, Institute of Aboriginal Peoples Health, Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (HSFC), First Nations Inuit Health Branch and the Canadian Population Health Initiative will provide funding for applications that are relevant to (in alignment with) the objectives and research priority areas described in the "Objectives" section.

Prior to peer review, all partners will have access to anonymized project titles and summaries to conduct relevance review.

Upon completion of peer review, all partners will receive the ranking list, merit scores (ratings) and recommendations on funding level and award term for the applications that fall in the fundable range and have been determined to be relevant to the specific research areas and objectives of the initiative. The list will be used for funding decision-making purposes and will remain anonymous.

Applicants are advised to follow the instructions on the Acceptable Application Module Formats page which outlines formatting requirements for the letter and attachments.

Peer Review

A CIHR peer review committee will evaluate the full applications. The committee may be drawn from one of CIHR's pre-existing committees or may be created specifically for this funding opportunity. Committee members are selected based on suggestions from many sources including the institute(s) / portfolio(s) and partner(s), following CIHR's Policy on Confidentiality, Conflict of Interest and Privacy Issues in Peer and Relevance Review (CCIP). For information on CIHR's peer review process in general, see the Peer Review section of CIHR's website.

Evaluation Criteria

A CIHR peer review committee will evaluate the full applications. The committee will be created specifically for this Request for Applications. Committee members are selected based on suggestions from many sources including the institute(s) / portfolio(s) and partner(s), following CIHR's Policy on Confidentiality, Conflict of Interest and Privacy Issues in Peer and Relevance Review (CCIP). For information on CIHR's peer review process in general, see Peer Review.

Peer review will be conducted in accordance with The CIHR Peer Review Process: Policies and Responsibilities of Grants Committee Members, including the standard evaluation criteria described under "Factors for Assessment" (section 6.2).

The following evaluation criteria are specific to this funding opportunity. CIHR recognizes that applications will emphasize different approaches to research and to knowledge translation, therefore reviewers and committees are expected to weight criteria such as these differently from one application to another.

Assessment and peer review will include the unweighted evaluation criteria specific to this Request for Applications described below.

Potential Impact

• Does this research relate directly to healthy living/chronic disease prevention at the population level?
• How clearly is the program, event, or policy change to be studied described and documented?
• How likely is it that the program, event, or policy change to be studied will have an impact on healthy living/chronic disease prevention at the population level?
• How important and original are the contributions expected from the research proposed?
• How will this new knowledge help guide policy or program decisions and development or refinement of initiatives?
• To what extent are the investigators demonstrating the potential for collaboration with involved organizations for implementing the study and applying its findings?
• To what extent will this research complement/enhance any existing evaluation plans already in place, if applicable?

Scientific Rigour and Feasibility

• How clearly have the researchers justified their need for the rapid review and funding disbursement offered by this RFA, showing that these elements are necessary in order to answer the scientific question and implement the research design? Could the study otherwise be supported by standard CIHR funding mechanisms?
• Is the study design appropriate for making inferences at the population-level?
• How appropriate, pragmatic, and feasible are the research design, data collection plan, and timelines (e.g., are expected delays such as ethics approval, if relevant, taken into account?)
• Does the research plan take full advantage of the opportunity described?
• How well have the applicants anticipated and prepared for time delays (such as ethics approval) and difficulties in their approach? To what extent have they considered alternatives?
• To what extent has the relevant literature been critically appraised?

Applicant(s) productivity, experience and training

• To what extent do the applicant(s) have the expertise and capacity to do the work proposed?
• How much experience do the investigators have in initiating and maintaining research partnerships with the organization(s) implementing the study intervention (if applicable)?

How to Apply

The application process is comprised of two stages: 1) Letter of Intent (LOI), and 2) Full Application.

1) Letter of Intent (LOI)

In the first stage of the application process the Nominated Principal Applicant is required to submit a Letter of Intent.

The Letter of Intent must include:

a) A cover page of maximum one page (free form; a standard form is not available for the cover page) indicating:

• Institutional Affiliation of the Nominated Principal Investigator (academic or research position held, department, institution);
• The title of the proposal;
• The title of this Request for Applications;
• A brief description (10 lines maximum) of the research area of the proposal;
• Five key words describing the proposed research;
• Amount requested from CIHR;
• Listing of the organization(s) involved in the initiative under study and their intended level of involvement in the research study, if applicable.

b) In a table format, a list of all applicants with their affiliations and expertise (the list need not be final at the Letter of Intent stage).

c) Proposal:

In a maximum of 2 pages (not including references), the proposal must outline clearly each of the elements below:

• description of the specific program, event, or policy change to be studied and its potential impact on healthy living/chronic disease prevention at a population level
• overview of the proposed research questions and methods;
• justification of the need for the rapid review.

d) A list of up to five suggested external referees, including contact coordinates

e) Reference: a short bibliography (maximum one page) of any references cited in the proposal.

f) Page 1 of the CIHR common CV module for the Principal Investigator(s) and co-applicant(s);

Any additional materials will not be sent to the review committee; this includes letters of support, figures not included in the proposal, updates on publications, updates on other support received, letters confirming academic appointment, reprints, etc.

Send the Letter of Intent by email to wendy.street@cihr-irsc.gc.ca copying the Research Grants Office (or equivalent) of the institution that would administer the CIHR grant.

2) Full Application

Selected applicants will be invited to submit a full application by the deadline date. It is expected that the full application will generally be consistent with the Letter of Intent with respect to the outline of the research program and the participating investigators.

Review the application instructions provided in How to Apply for Funding.

Please submit your application using CIHR Web Forms.

Complete the following Operating Grant program application modules. The modules are found in alphabetical order on the List of Forms and Guidelines for Completion. You may find it useful to print the PDF versions of the application forms and guidelines for their completion to familiarize yourself with the application requirements.

• Research Module
• Operating Budget Module
• Common CV (External Site) - validated for CIHR. Full CV Module for Nominated Principal Applicant and any other Principal Applicants and Co-Applicants, properly signed by each. Draft versions of the CV modules will NOT be accepted. It is the responsibility of the Nominated Principal Applicant to ensure that all CV modules submitted with the application are the validated versions.

Additional instructions must be followed for this funding opportunity:

• In the Research Funding Program section of the Research Module, select "Strategic Initiative" and enter the title of this funding opportunity.
• 2 page free format CV for each Decision Maker (as described below, in Guidelines for Completion of the Full Application, Section "iii").

i) Summary of the research proposal (p.9)

• Description of the rapidly unfolding initiation, change, adaptation, adoption or ending of the community- or population-level program, event, or policy that will be studied;
• Description of its potential impact on healthy living/chronic disease at a population level;
• Explanation why the proposed project can not be funded through other CIHR funding streams and requires the rapid review offered by this funding opportunity.

ii) Research Plan
This section should be up to nine (9) pages, identified as pages 12a to i, as appropriate, and should include the following:

• Background;
• Summary of the relevant literature;
• Research question(s) and hypotheses;
• Research and data collection plan with description of how this will contribute to answering the research question(s);
• Listing of the population-level measures relating to healthy living/chronic disease prevention that will be assessed;
• Justification that intended sampling plan for data collection will be large enough to demonstrate impact on recognizable groups, not just particular individuals (i.e., by geographic sectors, ethnic populations, school/workplace populations, age groups, income groupings);
• Details of any existing research or evaluation plans already in place for studying the program, event, or policy, and describe how the proposed research will contribute to addressing these existing plans. Demonstrate minimal overlap between these existing plans and the research study proposed (i.e., research questions are not already being pursued);
• Verification that the program or policy change is occurring outside of researcher control, in that it is not already part of a controlled trial, other researcher-manipulated environment, and that this application would not be used as bridge funding between previously-funded research projects. Note that this funding may be used to study the adaptation of researcher-developed and tested programs to different sectors/settings/populations/communities as long as this work is not part of another CIHR-funded research plan;
• Time lines of the program, event, or policy change as well as how these correlate with the research time lines (layout of milestones and deliverables for the Research Plan during the term of the project);
• List of organizations involved in the program, event, or policy change to be studied with descriptions of any existing relationships between the investigators and these organizations. Include the extent to which investigators will collaborate with these organizations for implementing the study. If no decision-maker will be involved in the research, please explain why not.

iii) Decision Maker (only if applicable)

If applicable, include a free form CV from any involved decision-maker applicants (up to three pages per decision-maker applicant). [Note: For the purposes of this Request for Applications, a decision-maker is a practitioner or policymaker who has responsibility for actions and/or funding allocations of an organization directly involved in the program, event, or policy change being studied.] The decision-maker CV must contain the following information:

• Name and contact information (including mailing address, e-mail and phone number);
• CIHR PIN;
• Page 1 of the CIHR common CV module;
• Keywords: list up to 10 keywords to describe your expertise;
• History: qualifications, work experience, research experience, distinctions, awards etc.;

Additionally, 1 page maximum, from the Decision Maker to answer the following two questions:

• What is your organization's intended involvement in this research collaboration, including any cash or in-kind contributions planned?
• What potential benefits does your organization expect to derive from participating in this research collaboration?

Send the completed application package (original plus 8 copies) by courier to:

RE: "Intervention Research Grant with Rapid Review: Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention"
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Room 97, 160 Elgin Street
Address locator: 4809A
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0W9

Contact Information

For questions on CIHR funding guidelines, how to apply, and the peer review process contact:

Wendy Street
Program Delivery Officer
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Telephone: 613-952-5701
Fax: 613-954-1800
Email: wendy.street@cihr-irsc.gc.ca

For questions about this initiative and research objectives contact:

Paul Belanger
Assistant Director - Ottawa
Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes
Telephone: 613-941-6465
Fax: 613-954-1800
Email: paul.belanger@cihr-irsc.gc.ca

Partner/Collaborator Description

Note: Additional partners/collaborators, including partners/collaborators from industry and the private sector are expected to join this funding initiative over the coming years.

Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
CIHR is Canada's major federal funding agency for health research. Its objective is to excel, according to internationally accepted standards of scientific excellence, in the creation of new knowledge and its translation into improved health for Canadians, more effective health services and products and a strengthened Canadian health care system.

CIHR - Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes (INMD)
INMD supports research to enhance health in relation to diet, digestion, excretion, and metabolism; and to address causes, prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, support systems, and palliation for a wide range of conditions and problems associated with hormone, digestive system, kidney, and liver function.

CIHR - Institute of Population and Public Health (IPPH)
IPPH supports research into the complex interactions (biological, social, cultural, environmental) which determine the health of individuals, communities, and global populations; and into the application of that knowledge to improve the health of both populations and individuals.

CIHR - Institute of Aboriginal Peoples' Health (IAPH) 
The CIHR Institute of Aboriginal Peoples' Health supports health research that addresses the special health needs of Aboriginal peoples in Canada, and aims to improve the health of First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples through the assertion of Aboriginal understandings of health and by fostering innovative community-based and scientifically excellent research.

CIHR - Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health (IHDCYH)
The CIHR Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health promotes and supports research that improves the health and development of mothers, infants, children, youth and families in Canada and throughout the world. (Updated: 2008-06-11)

Partners

Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (HSFC)
The mission of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada is to improve the health of Canadians by preventing and reducing disability and death from heart disease and stroke through research, health promotion, and advocacy.

The Canadian Population Health Initiative (CPHI), part of the Canadian Institute for Health Information, was created to examine patterns of health within and between population groups in Canada, as well as evidence about "what works" at a policy and program level to improve health. Specifically, the mission of CPHI is twofold:

• to foster a better understanding of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, and
• to contribute to the development of policies that reduce inequities and improve the health and well-being of Canadians

To achieve its mission, CPHI focuses on groups of individuals, communities and the population as a whole, their determinants of health and the policies that may influence their health.

In conducting its work, CPHI focuses on four complementary functions:

1. Knowledge Generation and Synthesis: Building a better understanding of the factors affecting population health;
2. Policy Synthesis: Contributing to policy development to improve the health and well-being of Canadians;
3. Knowledge Transfer and Reporting: Providing objective and credible information on population health issues;
4. Knowledge Exchange: Establishing collaborative strategies and networks to bring a focus to understanding the determinants of health.

For the period of 2007-2010 CPHI is focusing on the following key themes within population health:

• Healthy Weights
• Place and Health
• Determinants of Mental Health and Resilience and
• Reducing Gaps in Health.

Health Canada's First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB)
Health Canada is the federal department responsible for maintaining and improving the overall health of Canadians. Aboriginal health is of particular concern for Health Canada, as the health status of Aboriginal Canadians continues to lag behind that of other Canadians. The objectives of Health Canada's First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) include improving health outcomes; ensuring availability of, and access to, quality health services; and supporting greater control of their respective health system by First Nations and Inuit. Diabetes is one of the major health concerns for Aboriginal Canadians. In 1999, the federal government started the Aboriginal Diabetes Initiative (ADI). Delivered by FNIHB, the objective of the ADI is to reduce type 2 diabetes among Aboriginal Canadians through a range of community-based and culturally appropriate health promotion, prevention, screening and treatment services, delivered by an increased number of trained health service providers and diabetes workers. In 2004 and 2005, the federal government committed further resources until 2010 for the ADI to continue its work.

Additional Information

1. Working definition adopted by the Population Health Intervention Research Initiative for Canada, a ten-year initiative intended to build capacity in population health intervention research - its quantity, quality and use by policy makers and practitioners. September 2006. Unpublished.
2. Suchman EA. Evaluative Research. New York: Russel Sage. 1967.